The Fourth Amendment Laws And Crime Scene Searches

Fourth Amendment: Laws Governing Crime Scene Searches Quentin Pinet American Military University The Fourth Amendment: Laws Governing Crime Scene Searches The Fourth Amendment was written by James Madison and was thought to be the result of a strong public opinion from three separate cases in the 1760’s. The cases all involved the search of anyplace for anything that was thought to be unlawful. Because of these cases, Madison was concerned with the way that searches were being done, without thought to a person’s privacy (Search and Seizure, n.d.). The Fourth Amendment has set forth the precedence for warrant requirements by stating that â€Å"the right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation and particularly describing the place to be searched and the person or things to be seized† (U.S. Const. amend. IV). While the Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unlawful search and seizure, it is no longer black and white. There are r ules and regulations that govern the Fourth Amendment expressed by the U.S. Supreme Court, but there are also exceptions to the rule as well. This paper will not only cover the rules that are required for legal search and seizures, but also those exceptions such as consent, plain view searches, exigent circumstances, and search incident to arrestShow MoreRelatedFbi Computer Analysis And Response Team ( Cart )1029 Words   |  5 Pagesprovide computer forensics training i) The FBI Computer Analysis and Response Team (CART) ii) The Department of Defense Computer Forensics Laboratory (DCFL) 2) FALSE 3) Fourth Amendment 4) The triad of computing security includes: vulnerability assessment, intrusion response, and investigation. 5) Three common types of digital crime i) Financial fraud: This involves using credit cards belonging to third parties to undertake online financial transactions. ii) Hacking: Remotely gaining unauthorized accessRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment987 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens are protected by two constitutional amendments, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, any search of a person or his premises (including a vehicle), and any seizure of tangible evidence, must be reasonable. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularlyRead MoreSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the600 Words   |  3 PagesSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the government in areas where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. It prohibits searches and seizures unless they are conducted with probable cause and under reasonable circumstances. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment only protects against searches and seizures conducted by the government or pursuant to governmental direction. Surveillance and investigatory actions taken by strictly private persons, suchRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of United Nations Constitution1649 Words   |  7 Pages1. 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Probable cause is more than a reasonable suspicion it requires that a combination of facts makes it more likely than not that items sought are where police believe them toRead MoreHorton Vs. California Case Essay1539 Words   |  7 Pages DuPont1 Dylan DuPont 10/22/16 CJA 356 criminal evidence Week 4 final paper Horton vs. California On June 4th, 1990, Terry Brice Horton vs. California was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held 7-2 that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless seizure of evidence, which is granted due to the plain view doctrine. The discovery of the evidence does not have to be inadvertent, although that is a characteristic of most legitimate plain view seizures. The victimRead MoreBurglary Of Robbery And Robbery Essay1062 Words   |  5 Pagespermission. Depending on the state’s the status of the laws for the offense of burglary can be considered a felony. Robbery is when a person has taken or trying to take something from another person that has value unlawfully by force, intimidation or even threatening that person. Robbery is different from burglary because in order for a person to commit the offense of robbery, a victim must be present at the time of the incident for the crime to occur. Depending on the states and the values of theRead MoreForensic Databases Have Grown With Our Advancements In869 Words   |  4 Pageswith our advancements in technology that law enforcement uses a forensic DNA database that uses a method called, familial matching. Familial DNA searching looks for partial matches that can not only match the suspect’s DNA, but the suspect’s family line. This is unlike the typical DNA database that law enforcement has used for years. For that DNA database makes an exact match between the suspect of the crime and his or her DNA sample. Familial DNA searches have been found to be beneficial to PoliceRead MoreThe Issue Of Texting And Driving Essay1700 Words   |  7 Pagesof my suspected texting and driving. The fourth amendment protects citizens from unreasonable searches or seizures, and states that no warrants shall be issued without probable cause. Unfortunately, this meant that no one could seize or search the contents of my phone, and though they suspected that I had been driving while distracted, legally, there was no probable cause that this incident was in any way connected to my phone. In the end, this amendment contributed more to the obstruction of justiceRead MoreEssay on 2.06 Forensic Science778 Words   |  4 Pagesanswer. †¢ Physical evidence is anything that can establish a crime has occurred and anything that links the crime to a criminal. Three examples of physical evidence are fibers, weapons, and hair. 2.) Describe three ways that a crime scene can be recorded. What is a benefit of each? †¢ To record a crime scene, forensic scientist can use photography, drawings, and videography. Photographs are an important record of the unaltered crime scene, Drawings or sketches provides valuable information when a

Organization, Planning And Staffing Essay - 933 Words

INTRODUCTION This contextual project work is consisting of 10 concepts from the module entitled ‘ORGANIZATION,PLANNING STAFFING’.Each one of the concepts will be described in terms of its meaning ,will be critically analyzed for its real life application and will be followed by some reference of the current research evidence.Real life application will explore a possible relation ship of the concept with personnal,social,and professional life. ï  ¶ Concept-1 ‘Teamwork’. This concept is taken from â€Å" ORGANIZATION,PLANNING STAFFING† module no.5 entitled as ‘organizational behaviour’. In today’s healthcare market, the practice of teamwork has gained in popularity.This is especially true for professional nurses. When nurses function as part of a unit, and when they act as part of a team, the job itself is easier and more efficient. Moreover, overall patient care is enhanced . In nursing, when teamwork is emphasized and valued , every member works together to meet their patients’ needsÍ ¾ improved patient outcomes is their common goal. There are many relevant clinical examples of how teamwork improves patient care. The relationship between the nurse and the physician is paramount. The physician orders necessary intervention, and the nurse or therapist is responsible for carrying it out. Physical therapists, speech therapists and respiratory therapists all perform patient care. And it is crucial that all team members work together and communicate effectively. Any changes in theShow MoreRelatedHow Strategic Management Plan And The Human Resource Planni ng Process1410 Words   |  6 Pagesto keep the organizations moving forward in growth. Management promotes and brings about a change in the structure to keep it active and efficient in the approaches to achieving its goals and objective. The strategy behind the approaches correlation is what leads to actually implementing and providing data to analyze on an ongoing basis to enhance the strategic plan of the organization. The relationship between the eight elements of the staffing process and the human resource planning process helpsRead MoreObjectives Of Strategic Staffing Planning1431 Words   |  6 PagesThe purpose of Strategic staffing planning is identifying and integrate short term staffing actions with longer term environment of business strategy. Staffing Planning is essential to establish adequate staffing guidelines and forecasting necessary to organizational success. Moreover, staffing planning is a process that outlines and addresses staffing ramifications of strategic operational plans. Workforce planning is crucial to company’s performance, because the positions may experience longerRead MoreStatistical Data For Forecasting Future Staffing1513 Words   |  7 Pagespredict future staffing requirements. 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Every aspect of an organization needs human capital to drive its activities or operations to achieve individual strategic goals and objectives towardsRead MoreThe Necessity Of Careful Environmental Scanning Essay1623 Words   |  7 PagesEvery successful organization uses the five management functions; but not many can compare with the United States Armed Forces. I am currently serving in the United States Air Force and this organization has effectively applied the five management functions, because its existence depends on those five functions. From the initial planning to the final execution steps, we perform all five functions in our day-to-day operatio ns in flawless manners and pride ourselves in the job well done. The Air ForceRead MoreOrganizational Strategy For A Successful Business1408 Words   |  6 Pagesfunctions within an organization, there is a process for staffing that is made up of eight elements. The eight elements of the staffing process include human resource planning, recruiting, selection, orientation, training and development, performance appraisal, compensation and employment decisions (Plunkett, Allen Attner, 2013). Each element builds on the previous to ensure managers recruit and retain the right blend of talent. The first element is human resource planning (Plunkett, Allen AttnerRead MoreHr Planning : A Important Part Of Strategic Hr Management1164 Words   |  5 Pages HR planning is a vital part of strategic HR management. It joins HR management specifically to the organizations strategic plan of the organization. Most mid-to large organizations have a strategic plan that aids them in effectively meeting their missions. Organizations routinely finish financial related plans to guarantee they accomplish authoritative objectives keeping in mind workforce arrangements are not as common, they are generally as critical. Indeed, even a small organization with as

Dose Of Reality Essay Research Paper Theresa free essay sample

Dose Of Reality Essay, Research Paper Theresa ran into the bathroom and dug through her bag in hunt of the one thing that would do all her hurting travel off. As she hid in the bathroom stall, she wondered how her life had come to this. She was crumpled up on the bathroom floor lodging a needle into her arm. Her life had been good. She had to acknowledge she had been blessed. She came from a household of good standing. She had had every thing she could every privation. So why her? Why did this hold to be her life? She couldn # 8217 ; t understand. She eventually snapped back to world and realized she was traveling to be tardily for category. She pulled herself up and rushed out of the bathroom to her following category. As she ran into the room, the bell rang. Every one was gazing at her and snickering. We will write a custom essay sample on Dose Of Reality Essay Research Paper Theresa or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She knew they talked about her. Even her alleged best friend Tiffany had ditched her. As Theresa took her place at the dorsum of the room, a miss up forepart of the room snickered. Theresa wears a jumper every twenty-four hours, even when its 100 grades out. Theresa looked around and rapidly pushed her sleeves a small manner up her arm. As her Economics category began, her head began to roll to James and their last dark together. The dark had been fantastic. She remembered that he took her out to the beach to eat a field day dinner. As they lay in each other # 8217 ; s weaponries they watched the sundown on the H2O. She wanted this feeling to last forever. She didn # 8217 ; t believe she could of all time experience more felicity than this. That is until the minute that James took out the ring and asked her to get married him. He told her that he loved her and he wanted to be with her forever. She couldn # 8217 ; t believe what she was hearing. She was shocked. She said yes. That dark, he dropped her off at her house at 12:20 10 proceedingss before her curfew. As she got ready for bed and lay down to kip all she could believe about was what it would be like passing the remainder of her life with him. She fell asleep content. The following forenoon she had the worst feeling. She couldn # 8217 ; t understand. So she called James # 8217 ; s house. It was busy so she figured that his ma or sister were on the phone so she merely put the feelings aside. She walked B ack to the sleeping room, turned on the Television, and got a towel to take a shower. Merely as she walked into the bathroom she heard it. # 8220 ; Last dark at 12:30 a immature adult male by the name of James Obeney got into a serious accident on Adamsville Rd. He was in a caput on hit with a rummy driver. When the paramedics arrived on the scene he was pronounced dead. # 8221 ; She blocked out the remainder. She couldn # 8217 ; t believe it. This couldn # 8217 ; t go on to her. She loved him. They were supposed to be acquiring married. He couldn # 8217 ; t decease. The bell rang. The sound knocked her out of her trance-like province. She wanted to shout for the memory but she didn # 8217 ; t have the energy. She fell into a bad province of heartache after he died. She wouldn # 8217 ; t speak to anyone. She besides started traveling to parties wild parties where she would happen people who were in merely as much hurting as she was. She met some new friends. They introduced her to heroin, and told her that they have used for a long clip. It did aid, it made all the hurting travel off. They got her hooked. She thought they were her friends, but they weren # 8217 ; t. They took her money and one time they got what they wanted from her, they called her weak and regretful. They didn # 8217 ; t associate with her anymore. Now she had nil left but holes in her weaponries and an ache in her bosom that would neer travel off. She pulled into the private road of her house. She drove the new Mercedes that her parents had bought her for ( as they said ) being so strong though everything. As she parked she saw a constabulary auto. A moving ridge of terror swept over her. It made her desire to turn back, but she knew she couldn # 8217 ; t. It was eventually clip to face world. She had a job and she needed aid. She got out of the auto and walked up the stairss. The door all of a sudden flew unfastened. ( Her female parent ) With cryings in her eyes, reached for her manus and led her to the life room. Where there was a police officer and a counsellor. Through all her fright, Theresa all of a sudden felt relieved and happy. She was eventually traveling to be free from the hurting that invariably enveloped her. She knew it would take tonss of difficult work, but in her head and in her bosom this was something she wanted. She would make any thing to accomplish it. 326

The Horrors of a Slave Ship free essay sample

They were treated brutally and were forced to do dangerous jobs. If orders were not followed, they were flogged unmercifully. Later, they were separated as they served different masters. He later reunited with his sister when they had the same master. They cried of happiness as their mournful days were over; unfortunately, they were torn apart once again. His pain and anxiety was worse of what he had experienced after her fate. Equiano describes the many days he traveled and the frequent change of masters. He was sold back and forth in the West Indies and England.However, he came into a town called Tinmah in Africa. He then served a wealthy widow. Receiving many benefits as in eating with them and being dressed well, he forgot he was a slave and became adopted to the wealthy family. He was kidnapped again; however, this time, he arrived to a ship where slaves were being marketed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Horrors of a Slave Ship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There were thousands of slaves chained under the deck as they were going to be shipped over the â€Å"Middle Passage† or across the Atlantic Ocean. The slaves suffocated as there was little room to even move or breathe.The filth and heat brought sickness to the people; therefore, they cried and groaned as they slowly died. Equiano preferred his former slavery instead of the situation he was living on the deck. Not only were blacks treated brutally but also the white people that misunderstood orders and did them wrong. Slaves utilized the moment that the white people laid their eyes off them to jump off the ship into the ocean. Equiano envied their fate because they now did not worry about their mistreatment. As the slaves preferred death over living a life of pain, it made the white people angry and flogged them unmercifully.The white people were in need of holding slaves in order to sell and have them working; therefore, they tried to warn them to discourage them not to commit suicide or jump off the ship into the ocean. At last, they arrived on the island of Barbadoes where they were going to be marketed and put to work with many other African slaves. It was an island where Equiano could not believe his surroundings. There were African slaves that spoke many other different languages. Another surprising thing Equiano saw was horseback riding which was unusual.In â€Å"The Horrors of a Slave Ship,† the writer tries to demonstrate the stress, horrors, fears, and sufferings of slave ship. With this article, the reader can comprehend how difficult it was to serve different masters and not being able to know when they were going to be sold again. With the detailed situations of hiding in the bushes to suffocating in an overcrowded deck, it gave the reader a sense of desperation. What authors try to do in articles based on slave ship is get their point across of the chaos in an African slave’s life. Probably few people knew the exact history of slave ship. The slave ship genre used by authors is usually written to go back to the history and give readers in the present a picture of past events. My views about this article are that Equiano had suffered as much as other slaves. The horrors of being a slave are more than what a writer can explain. Being in the actual situation is catastrophic. Slave ship, the event that took place in history, is an event that marked the deaths of millions of innocent people. Innocent people were separated from their families just to work for other people who they did not even know.The thought of the innocent slaves preferring death instead of a life of misery tells me that the situation they were in was dreadful and only a waste. I never thought being a slave was as much as this. I knew they suffered, but not as much as them preferring death over being alive. I can picture the situation as a horror scene as many slaves shrieked, groaned, and cried as they died of diseases or maybe of hopelessness. After I read this article, I’ve been interested in other stories about slave ship.The fact that Equiano bought his own freedom makes me realize that slaves having a position in liberty was not easy or given to anybody easily. It came to the moment in their lives where they lost hope in being happy which at some point in their lives, life was not taken seriously. Like Equiano, many slaves did not fight back or tried to escape. There was no point in fighting for their lives. Either way, they would have to die and suffer. I believe that most of the slaves’ reason for their death was the loss of hope they had for their lives.This is a good article to get readers attention and open their eyes to be thankful for what they have which is freedom, food, and a family. None of the slaves could enjoy what we have. They spent most of their lives working and serving others than being close to their families. Overall, â€Å"The Horrors of a Slave Ship† have impacted readers and also me in a way that we can see more than just a daily workforce. I know there are millions of other slaves than just Olaudah Equiano. To conclude, we all realize how intense the article â€Å"The Horrors of a Slave Ship† was as the author wrote such words to express these moments.

Revolutionary QM212 Essays - Immunology, Immune System, Antibody

Revolutionary QM212 Abstract: A new process in bio-chemistry involves the manipulation of molecules to defeat diseases, viruses, chemical warfare, and to reduce the cost of bio-chemical engineering. This new process is refined in that the researcher utilizes new computer technology to model the behavior of certain molecules to insert a "slot" for discarding unwanted foreign objects. These unwanted foreign objects are discarded by fixing the slot to fit the objects. This slot can be customized, through manipulation and modelling, to fit many different objects. Therefore, objects such as viruses, poisonings, or bacteria, could be jetted out of ones body. This aspect could one day benefit millions of people around the world. Chemical Process: Teams from universities successfully inserted instructions for building an anti-fluorescein antibody in the DNA of bacteria. This antibody binds with fluorescein molecules. Into this chunk of material, they inserted instructions for buildin g a metal-ion binding sight. They discovered where to put this slot by simulating the antibody on a large computer. The resulting product revealed an anti-fluorescein antibody which binds to metal ions. After physically inserting the genetic code in to E. coli. bacteria, the researchers had a large batch of a new compound which they named QM212. When copper was added to this new batch, it binded with the metal-ion binding sight, decreasing the fluorescent emissions. Applications: The human immune system already uses similar antibodies for similar tasks. Natural antibodies conform to the shape of foreign bodies and bind to the outer surface. They then release enzymes to break down the substance. In the experiment, c opper acted as the foreign body while QM212 was the antibody. One application of this process could be used by the military. The military, utilizing bio-chemical tools, could engineer an antibody which binds with nerve gas and splits each molecule. This could be accomplished by first of all searching t he Brookhaven database for a proper antibody. Then, using large mainframe computers, one can manipulate models of the antibody and create a binding sight for the nerve gas molecules. Then, the soldier would inject himself with the antibodies when h e is nerve gased. Another application of this process could be used by bio? chemists in fighting the AIDS epidemic. If an antibody was engineered to conform to the AIDS virus, it could break it in half and dispose of it. Finally, using E. coli., synthetic antibodies replacing current vaccines could be mass produced. Instead of growing cultures of a disease then killing them for use in vaccines, one could produce one antibody which conforms to the disease the n reproduce this with E. Coli. Impacts: The impact of these applications could benefit people around the world. Soldiers would not die (and continue killing like blind mice) because of the nerve gas serum. The AIDS epidemic would halt as announcements of a new product which would desist the AIDS virus fill the radio waves. AIDS is increasing exponentially and this would halt its fatal expansion. Also, biologists would no longer waste money in replicating vaccines. A mini-computer would be used to replicate synthetic antibodies instead. Creating molecules with the uncanningly precise seek-and? destroy capabilities of natural antibodies is an exciting step in replicating nature's fascinating immune system. Bibliography Uehling, Mark D. "Birth of a Molecule." February 1992, p. 74

Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report Essays

Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report Essays Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report Paper Gram Negative Unknown Lab Report Paper E. Coli is most commonly found in the intestines of warm blooded organisms. Most E. Coli strands are non pathogenic however, there are strands known to cause food poisoning. Introduction There are multiple reasons for identifying unknown bacteria. In research, it is a must to be able to identify unknown bacteria if you are comparing the different microorganisms. The identification of unknown bacteria may ultimately lead to the discovery of a new species because the results of the tests performed on it may not match those of any other. In my case I had a gram negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria are colored red or pink when Gram stained. They have an outer membrane containing alphanumerically that is not found in gram- positive bacteria. This outer membrane functions as an added layer of protection, by shielding the bacteria from several antibiotics, dyes, and detergents that would damage the inner membrane or cell wall. In this particular experiment, I was issued an unidentified organism that could be one of six different bacteria. In order to identify it I was required to run a series of tests and do a comparative analysis. I received my bacteria in a test tube and I inoculated a TTS plate using the T-Streak method in order to isolate the bacteria and also to grow bacteria to use for my tests. Materials and Methods The materials I had available to me for use for this experiment were a TTS plate, a TTS slant, a Gelatin Tube, a Methyl Red Tube, a Vogues-Prosperous Tube, a Urea Tube, a SIMI Tube, a Citrate Slant and a THIS slant, a light microscope, an inoculating loop, and inoculating needle, a burner, an apron, and some glass slides. I did a Gram Stain in order to assure that my bacterium was gram-negative. : I UT a drop of distilled water on a microscope slide and inoculated the bacteria in it. I then heat fixed the bacteria by passing it over a flame three times. Then I applied Crystal Violet to the slide for one minute, and rinsed with distilled water. The slide was rinsed with 95% ethanol for five seconds and immediately rinsed with distilled water. Seafaring stain was added to the slide for two minutes followed by a rinsing with distilled water. A light microscope was used at xx magnification to observe the stained slides. I used the test tube of my unknown bacteria and an inoculating loop to inoculate my TTS plate and TTS slant. I used the T-Streak method on the plate by flaming the loop and streaking quadrant one than flaming the loop again and streaking quadrant two and then flaming the loop again and streaking quadrant three. I then flame the loop again and inoculated the slant. I than incubated them at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours and used them to complete the other tests. Next I performed the Gelatins Test using a gelatin tube. I first flamed an inoculating needle and then gathered some colonies from my unknown test tube and stabbed the gelatin tube. This is a differential medium that tests an organisms ability to produce an economy called gelatins that will hydrology gelatin. For the Methyl-Red test I inoculated the test tube with bacteria from my TTS plate and incubated the tube at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. After incubation I placed several drops of the pH indicator Methyl-Red into the test tube and observed the color change of either red or yellow. This test is to see whether the bacterium produces glucose from the mixed acid pathway or not. A red result means the bacteria tested positive. In the Vogues-Prosperous test, I inoculated the tube with bacteria from my TTS late and incubated the tube at 37 degrees Celsius for 3 days. After three days I placed some Barrios Reagent A and Barrios Reagent B in the test tube. The color change of red or pink indicates a positive reaction for action which tells you that the organism is a butadiene ferment. For the Areas test, I inoculated my Urea test tube with my unknown bacteria from a TTS plate using and inoculating loop. The Urea tube was then incubated at 37 degrees Celsius for 8 days to observe for a color change. The Urea tests for the ability of a bacteria grown in urea broth produces areas. This medium notations the pH indicator phenol red. If areas is produced the pH of the media will raise thus causing the phenol red to change from yellow to a pink color. I used an inoculating needle to stab the SIMI test tube and then incubated it at 37 degrees Celsius for 24 hours. The SIMI test was used to test whether an organism has the ability to reduce sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. Iron salts in the media reacts with the hydrogen sulfide to form a black precipitate called ferric sulfide. If sulfur can be reduced than a black color will be seen in the tube. This test also sees if an organism is and indolent producer. Indolent producers are bacteria that produce the enzyme transposes which can hydrology thyrotrophic to private, ammonia and indolent. To test for indolent production, Kavas reagent is dropped into the medium. If there is a red color than the bacteria tests positive for indolent production and brown yields a negative result. The third test that the SIMI test is for is motility. If the bacteria is motile then cloudiness will be seen in the medium and if not the bacteria will only be located where it was stabbed. The Citrate Test was used to test for the ability of a bacteria to utilize citrate as sole source of carbon, these bacteria produce citrate permeate which can transport citrate into the cell and make private from it. Bacteria that can utilize the citrate causes the media to become more alkaline. The indicator for this test is biorhythms blue dye which will turn from green to blue if pH is at 7. And above. A blue color change yields a positive result. I inoculated the THIS (Triple Sugar Iron Agar) Slant with bacteria from my TTS plate using an inoculating loop. The medium was then incubated at 37 degrees Celsius and checked after eight hours of incubation and again after 24 hours f incubation. This test is a differential that tests for sugar utilization, gas production and sulfur reduction. It cont ains lactose, SUcrose and glucose and phenol red as an indicator. No color change means that no sugars were fermented. If there is as bubble or splitting in the medium than a gas was produced and a black color signifies hydrogen sulfide production. The media has sodium tessellate as a reducible sulfur and ferrous sulfate as the hydrogen sulfide indicator. Results The Gelatin test was solid after placing the medium in the cold room for 45 minutes thus it was negative for gelatins. The Methyl-Red test turned red after adding methyl red to the medium indicating a positive result, thus indicating that the unknown produced mixed acids from glucose fermentation. The Vogues- Pressure test had no color change, thus indicating that the unknown was not a butadiene fermented. My unknown remained yellow in the Areas test which means it tested negative thus indicating that the unknown was unable to produce areas. In the SIMI test my unknown had negative results for sulfur reduction and motility but tested positive for indolent production. There was no lack color in the medium and there wasnt a cloudiness either however, the medium turned red when Kavas reagent was added indicating the ability for the unknown to produce transposes. For the Citrate test, my unknown remained green which yields a negative result and the inability of the bacteria to utilize citrate as a sole source of carbon. For the THIS slant my unknown had a yellow slant and a yellow but and it had gas bubbles in the butt thus indicating that glucose and lactose fermentation and the production of a gas. It was negative for sulfur production. All of the previous results were than compared to gram negative unknown chart and the only bacteria that had the same results was Escherichia coli. The unknown #3 was thus identified as E. Coli. Conclusion The identity of the unknown bacterium #3, E. Coli, was supported by all of the tests that were performed for this experiment. The search began with the identification of the bacteria as being rod shaped under the light microscope. Each test was used to eliminate the five other possible choices. The negative result of the Gelatin test eliminated Protest miracles and Pseudopodia organisms as possible candidates. The positive Methyl Red result further eliminated Entertainer arrogates. The negative Vogues-Prosperous test result didnt allow me to rule out any of the remaining candidates. The negative Areas test result knocked Kielbasa pneumonia out as a possible candidate. The negative sulfur production of the SIMI test allowed me to lastly mark Salmonella typographic out a possible candidate leaving only E. Coli. The positive indolent test was only characteristic of E. Coli and the motility of the unknown was in concordance with E. Coli. Also my negative Citrate test was only characteristic of the bacteria E. Coli. The THIS slant really just helped me be sure of three other acetate that my unknown couldnt have been. Escherichia coli also known as E. Coli is a bacterium that is prevalent in the gut of warm blooded organisms. There are several types of E. Coli that are a normal part of the human body and have many beneficial factors including the production of vitamin K. E. Coli also helps prevent harmful bacteria or pathogenic bacteria from growing inside the intestine. Most strains of E. Coli are non pathogenic however, some strains are known to cause things such as food poisoning and serious infections. E. Coli has been the cause of death for many. Symptoms of an E. Lie infection include abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever and fatigue. This pathogen is easily spreader and has received a lot of controversy. E. Coli was named for the person who discovered it, German pediatrician Theodore Escherichia. I feel that this lab was very good for students such as me to see what microbiologists do on a daily basis. I really enjoyed this lab experiment and it has caused me to seek to change m y major to microbiology. I think the identification of unknown bacteria is a very important task and really do have deep respect for the people who make this their profession.

Research and write an article on the human genome and how genetic var Case Study

Research and write an article on the human genome and how genetic var iation in the genome has a potential use in health screening - Case Study Example This further comprises of Y chromosome (found in males only) and X chromosomes (two in females and one in males). A mitochondrial DNA is also inclusive in every mitochondrion. The genomes are further classified into noncoding and coding DNA sequences. The coding sequence is unique in that they are transcribed into mRNA to be later converted into proteins in a human lifetime. The other noncoding genomes which use the biggest fraction are not involved in encoding proteins but are instead used for other biological processes (Adolph 1997) Human biology, however, comprises of both the inherited and the environmental traits. It is important to understand that the environment human beings are exposed to can catalyze the occurrence of a disease when coupled with a genetic disorder. For example, an asthma patient is more likely to get an asthmatic attack when exposed to cold and dusty conditions as opposed to an average person. An individual can be said to have a sequence variation when there is an excess or complete absence of a chromosome. Epialleles are defined as identical genes but with differences only exhibited in their epigenetic states (Bodmer 1997). Further classified into three types, epialleles influenced by genotype, determined directly by the genotype of the individual and those purely independent of the individual’s genotype, they are influenced by environmental factors be they hormones or diet. Compared to animals such as chimpanzees that are purported to share a common ancestry with human beings, human beings have undergone a more sophisticated evolution as compared to chimps. (Charles R.Cantor, 2004). Human beings also exhibit many traits of diseases such as Klinefelter Syndrome, sickle cell anemia among others. Genetic screening is defined as the search or screening for persons with symptomatic diseases with the aim to identify individuals with a genotype that predisposes them